基于SparkML的特征选择(Feature Selectors)三个算法(VectorSlicer、RFormula以及ChiSqSelector)结合Demo进行一下理解
VectorSlicer算法介绍:
VectorSlicer是一个转换器输入特征向量,输出原始特征向量子集。VectorSlicer接收带有特定索引的向量列,通过对这些索引的值进行筛选得到新的向量集。可接受如下两种索引:
1、整数索引---代表向量中特征的的索引,setIndices()
2、字符串索引---代表向量中特征的名字,这要求向量列有AttributeGroup,因为这根据Attribute来匹配名字字段
指定整数或者字符串类型都是可以的。另外,同时使用整数索引和字符串名字也是可以的。同时注意,至少选择一个特征,不能重复选择同一特征(整数索引和名字索引对应的特征不能叠)。注意如果使用名字特征,当遇到空值的时候将会报错。
输出向量将会首先按照所选的数字索引排序(按输入顺序),其次按名字排序(按输入顺序)。
示例:输入一个包含列名为userFeatures的DataFrame:
userFeatures
------------------
[0.0, 10.0, 0.5]
userFeatures是一个向量列包含3个用户特征。假设userFeatures的第一列全为0,我们希望删除它并且只选择后两项。我们可以通过索引setIndices(1,2)来选择后两项并产生一个新的features列:
userFeatures | features
------------------|-----------------------------
[0.0, 10.0, 0.5] | [10.0, 0.5]
假设我们还有如同["f1","f2", "f3"]的属性,那可以通过名字setNames("f2","f3")的形式来选择:
userFeatures | features
------------------|-----------------------------
[0.0, 10.0, 0.5] | [10.0, 0.5]
["f1", "f2", "f3"] | ["f2", "f3"]
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext;
import org.apache.spark.ml.attribute.Attribute;
import org.apache.spark.ml.attribute.AttributeGroup;
import org.apache.spark.ml.attribute.NumericAttribute;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorSlicer;
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vectors;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.RowFactory;
import org.apache.spark.sql.SQLContext;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class VectorSlicerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
SparkConf conf = new SparkConf().setAppName("VectorSlicer").setMaster("local");
JavaSparkContext sc = new JavaSparkContext(conf);
SQLContext sqlContext = new SQLContext(sc);
Attribute[] attributes = new Attribute[]{
NumericAttribute.defaultAttr().withName("f1"),
NumericAttribute.defaultAttr().withName("f2"),
NumericAttribute.defaultAttr().withName("f3")
};
AttributeGroup group = new AttributeGroup("userFeatures", attributes);
List<Row> data = Arrays.asList(
RowFactory.create(Vectors.sparse(3, new int[]{0, 1}, new double[]{-2.0, 2.3})),
RowFactory.create(Vectors.dense(-2.0, 2.3, 0.0))
);
Dataset<Row> dataset = sqlContext
.createDataFrame(data, (new StructType())
.add(group.toStructField()));
VectorSlicer vectorSlicer = new VectorSlicer()
.setInputCol("userFeatures")
.setOutputCol("features");
vectorSlicer.setIndices(new int[]{1}).setNames(new String[]{"f3"});
// or slicer.setIndices(new int[]{1, 2}), or slicer.setNames(new String[]{"f2", "f3"})
Dataset<Row> output = vectorSlicer.transform(dataset);
output.show(false);
// +--------------------+-------------+
// |userFeatures |features |
// +--------------------+-------------+
// |(3,[0,1],[-2.0,2.3])|(2,[0],[2.3])|
// |[-2.0,2.3,0.0] |[2.3,0.0] |
// +--------------------+-------------+
sc.stop();
}
}
RFormula算法介绍:
RFormula通过R模型公式来选择列。支持R操作中的部分操作,包括‘~’, ‘.’, ‘:’, ‘+’以及‘-‘,基本操作如下:
1、 ~分隔目标和对象
2、 +合并对象,“+0”意味着删除空格
3、-删除一个对象,“-1”表示删除空格
4、 :交互(数值相乘,类别二值化)
5、 . 除了目标列的全部列
假设a和b为两列:
1、 y ~ a + b表示模型y ~ w0 + w1 * a +w2 * b其中w0为截距,w1和w2为相关系数
2、 y ~a + b + a:b – 1表示模型y ~ w1* a + w2 * b + w3 * a * b,其中w1,w2,w3是相关系数
RFormula产生一个向量特征列以及一个double或者字符串标签列。如果用R进行线性回归,则对String类型的输入列进行one-hot编码、对数值型的输入列进行double类型转化。如果类别列是字符串类型,它将通过StringIndexer转换为double类型。如果标签列不存在,则输出中将通过规定的响应变量创造一个标签列。
示例:假设我们有一个DataFrame含有id,country, hour和clicked四列:
id | country | hour | clicked
---|---------|------|---------
7 | "US" | 18 | 1.0
8 | "CA" | 12 | 0.0
9 | "NZ" | 15 | 0.0
如果我们使用RFormula公式clicked ~ country+ hour,则表明我们希望基于country和hour预测clicked,通过转换我们可以得到如DataFrme:
id | country | hour | clicked | features | label
---|---------|------|---------|------------------|-------
7 | "US" | 18 | 1.0 | [0.0, 0.0, 18.0] | 1.0
8 | "CA" | 12 | 0.0 | [0.0, 1.0, 12.0] | 0.0
9 | "NZ" | 15 | 0.0 | [1.0, 0.0, 15.0] | 0.0
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.RFormula;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.RowFactory;
import org.apache.spark.sql.SQLContext;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructField;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import static org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataTypes.*;
public class RFormulaDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
SparkConf conf = new SparkConf().setAppName("RFoumula").setMaster("local");
JavaSparkContext sc = new JavaSparkContext(conf);
SQLContext sqlContext = new SQLContext(sc);
List<Row> data = Arrays.asList(
RowFactory.create(7,"US",18,1.0),
RowFactory.create(8,"CA",12,0.0),
RowFactory.create(9,"NZ",15,0.0)
);
StructType schema = createStructType(new StructField[]{
createStructField("id", IntegerType, false),
createStructField("country", StringType, false),
createStructField("hour", IntegerType, false),
createStructField("clicked", DoubleType, false)
});
Dataset<Row> dataset = sqlContext.createDataFrame(data,schema);
RFormula formula = new RFormula()
.setFormula("clicked ~ country + hour")
.setFeaturesCol("features")
.setLabelCol("label");
Dataset<Row> output = formula.fit(dataset).transform(dataset);
output.select("features", "label").show(false);
// +--------------+-----+
// |features |label|
// +--------------+-----+
// |[0.0,0.0,18.0]|1.0 |
// |[1.0,0.0,12.0]|0.0 |
// |[0.0,1.0,15.0]|0.0 |
// +--------------+-----+
sc.stop();
}
}
ChiSqSelector算法介绍:
ChiSqSelector代表卡方特征选择。它适用于带有类别特征的标签数据。ChiSqSelector根据独立卡方检验,然后选取类别标签主要依赖的特征。它类似于选取最有预测能力的特征。它支持三种特征选取方法:
1、numTopFeatures:通过卡方检验选取最具有预测能力的Top(num)个特征;
2、percentile:类似于上一种方法,但是选取一小部分特征而不是固定(num)个特征;
3、fpr:选择P值低于门限值的特征,这样就可以控制false positive rate来进行特征选择;
默认情况下特征选择方法是numTopFeatures(50),可以根据setSelectorType()选择特征选取方法。
示例:假设我们有一个DataFrame含有id,features和clicked三列,其中clicked为需要预测的目标:
id | features | clicked
---|-----------------------|---------
7 | [0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0] | 1.0
8 | [0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0] | 0.0
9 | [1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1] | 0.0
如果我们使用ChiSqSelector并设置numTopFeatures为1,根据标签clicked,features中最后一列将会是最有用特征:
id | features | clicked | selectedFeatures
---|-----------------------|---------|------------------
7 | [0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0] | 1.0 | [1.0]
8 | [0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0]
9 | [1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1] | 0.0 | [0.1]
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaRDD;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.ChiSqSelector;
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.VectorUDT;
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vectors;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.RowFactory;
import org.apache.spark.sql.SQLContext;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataTypes;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.Metadata;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructField;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class ChiSqSelectorDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
SparkConf conf = new SparkConf().setAppName("Demo").setMaster("local");
JavaSparkContext sc = new JavaSparkContext(conf);
SQLContext sqlContext = new SQLContext(sc);
JavaRDD<Row> data = sc.parallelize(Arrays.asList(
RowFactory.create(7, Vectors.dense(0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0), 1.0),
RowFactory.create(8, Vectors.dense(0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0), 0.0),
RowFactory.create(9, Vectors.dense(1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1), 0.0)
));
StructType schema = new StructType(new StructField[]{
new StructField("id", DataTypes.IntegerType, false, Metadata.empty()),
new StructField("features", new VectorUDT(), false, Metadata.empty()),
new StructField("clicked", DataTypes.DoubleType, false, Metadata.empty())
});
Dataset<Row> df = sqlContext.createDataFrame(data, schema);
ChiSqSelector selector = new ChiSqSelector()
.setNumTopFeatures(2)
.setFeaturesCol("features")
.setLabelCol("clicked")
.setOutputCol("selectedFeatures");
Dataset<Row> result = selector.fit(df).transform(df);
result.show(false);
// +---+------------------+-------+----------------+
// |id |features |clicked|selectedFeatures|
// +---+------------------+-------+----------------+
// |7 |[0.0,0.0,18.0,1.0]|1.0 |[18.0,1.0] |
// |8 |[0.0,1.0,12.0,0.0]|0.0 |[12.0,0.0] |
// |9 |[1.0,0.0,15.0,0.1]|0.0 |[15.0,0.1] |
// +---+------------------+-------+----------------+
sc.stop();
}
}